Impacto da Covid-19 na prática de automedicação em estudantes universitários / Impact of COVID-19 on self-medication practice in university students / Impacto de la Covid-19 en la práctica de la automedicación en estudiantes universitarios

RESUMO: A automedicação expõe os indivíduos a riscos como reações adversas, intoxicações, interações medicamentosas, falhas terapêuticas e erros de medicação. Na pandemia de Covid-19, houve aumento de compra e consumo de produtos farmacêuticos pelos brasileiros. O presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados à automedicação em estudantes de um centro universitário na região do Campo das Vertentes, Minas Gerais, bem como avaliar a incidência durante a pandemia de Covid-19. O estudo teve delineamento transversal e quantitativo, com 248 estudantes de um centro universitário em 2021. Os achados mostraram que 67,3% dos participantes relataram realizar a automedicação; 28,7% apontaram aumento da automedicação durante a pandemia; e 30,9% indicaram o início nesse período. Houve diferença significativa sobre: considerar-se capaz de se automedicar, ter costume de indicar medicamentos para outras pessoas e consumi-los por indicação de outros. Para aqueles que aumentaram a prática de automedicação na pandemia, houve associação com o hábito de indicar medicamentos para outras pessoas. Já para quem iniciou essa prática no período pandêmico, a capacidade de automedicação esteve associada. Os resultados abrem caminhos para medidas educativas sobre o uso irracional dos medicamentos pelos estudantes do ensino superior, independentemente da área de formação.

ABSTRACT: Self-medication exposes individuals to risks such as adverse reactions, intoxications, drug interactions, therapeutic failures and medication errors. In the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an increase in the purchase and consumption of pharmaceutical products by Brazilians. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with self-medication in students of a university center in the region of Campo das Vertentes, Southeastern Brazil, as well as to evaluate the incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study had a cross-sectional and quantitative design, with 248 students from a university, in 2021. The findings showed that 67.3% of the participants reported self-medication; 28.7% indicated an increase in self-medication during the pandemic; and 30.9% indicated the beginning in this period. There was a significant difference about: to consider oneself capable of self-medicating, to have the habit of referring drugs to other people and to consume them by indication of others. For those who increased the practice of self-medication in the pandemic, there was an association with the habit of indicating drugs to other people. For those who initiated this practice in the pandemic period, the capacity of self-medication was associated. The results open paths for educational measures on the irrational use of medicines by higher education students, regardless of the education area.

RESUMEN: La automedicación expone a los individuos a riesgos tales como reacciones adversas, intoxicaciones, interacciones medicamentosas, fracasos terapéuticos y errores medicamentosos. En la pandemia de Covid-19, hubo un aumento en la compra y consumo de productos farmacéuticos por parte de los brasileños. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo estimar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a la automedicación en estudiantes de un centro universitario en la región de Campo das Vertentes, Sudeste de Brasil, así como evaluar la incidencia durante la pandemia de Covid-19. El estudio tuvo un diseño transversal y cuantitativo, con 248 estudiantes de un centro universitario en 2021. Los hallazgos mostraron que el 67,3% de los participantes reportaron automedicación; el 28,7% indicó un aumento en la automedicación durante la pandemia; y el 30,9% indicó el inicio en este período. Hubo una diferencia significativa en: Considerarse capaz de automedicarse, tener el hábito de referir drogas a otras personas y consumirlas por indicación de otros. Para aquellos que incrementaron la práctica de la automedicación en la pandemia, hubo una asociación con el hábito de indicar drogas a otras personas. Para aquellos que iniciaron esta práctica en el período pandémico, se asoció la capacidad de automedicación. Los resultados abren caminos para medidas educativas sobre el uso irracional de medicamentos por parte de los estudiantes de educación superior, independientemente del área de formación.

Acesso e uso de medicamentos sob a perspectiva da pessoa em situação de rua / Access and use of medication from the perspective of homeless people

INTRODUÇÃO: As pessoas em situação de rua representam uma parcela da população diretamente interligada às desigualdades. As condições culturais, socioeconômicas e políticas em que estão inseridos os usuários, interferem diretamente no acesso à saúde, no processo de prescrição e, principalmente, na utilização dos medicamentos. OBJETIVOS: Descrever o acesso e o uso de medicamentos de pessoas em situação de rua, as estratégias e a frequência de acesso a medicamentos, o entendimento dos usuários sobre o modo de uso e de armazenamento; a identificação dos medicamentos mais consumidos e as indicações mais frequentes. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de uma pesquisa com abordagem mista, qualitativa/quantitativa, de caráter descritivo. Os sujeitos de pesquisa foram pessoas em situação de rua no município de Porto Alegre/RS. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas. O conteúdo foi analisado a partir da análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. RESULTADOS: Doze pessoas foram incluídas neste estudo, sendo a maioria homens (83%), pretos ou pardos, com idade entre 25 e 59 anos (67%). O local de maior procura para atendimentos foram as Unidades Básicas e o Consultório na Rua foi o mais citado, demonstrando a importância do vínculo desta população com a equipe. Assim como o acesso à saúde foi limitado ao SUS, o acesso a medicamentos também foi em farmácias públicas. A maioria apontou o uso de medicamentos para patologias agudas e os que relataram medicamentos de uso contínuo não apresentavam adesão ao tratamento. Automedicação e formas alternativas de acesso aos medicamentos foram citadas, além do abuso de álcool e o uso de substâncias psicoativas. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de referirem não observar dificuldades para acessar serviços ou recursos de saúde, ao longo de seus discursos, diversas barreiras foram identificadas, seja em relação à disponibilidade de atendimento, demora e discriminação, ou ainda ao acesso, uso e armazenamento dos medicamentos. Contudo, a interação exitosa entre equipe e usuários não só deve beneficiar o acesso, mas também oportunizar que usuários possam integrar-se dos recursos de saúde oferecidos de maneira mais clara e acessível.

CONTEXT: Homeless people represent a quota of the population directly linked to inequalities. The cultural, socioeconomic and political conditions in which the users are inserted directly interfere in the access to health, in the prescription process and, mainly, in the use of medicines. OBJETIVES: describe the access and the use of medications by homeless people, the tactics and the frequency of access to medications, the knowledge of how it should be taken and storage; the identification of the most taken drugs. METODOLOGY: It is a research with a mixed approach, quantitative and qualitative method, with descriptive character. The subjects were homeless people in the city of Porto Alegre/RS. The data collection was taken through interviews that were recorded and transcripted. Data analyses were based on content analysis proposed by Bardin. RESULTS: Twelve people were included in this study, being the major mens (83%), dark or brown skin, with age between 25 and 59 years old (67%). The local with more demand were the basic health units and Homeless Clinic as the most cited demonstrates the importance of the bond between population and the team. Access to health was limited to the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS ­ Single Health Care System), access to medicines was also available in public pharmacies. Most pointed to the use of drugs for acute pathologies and those who reported continuous use of drugs did not show adherence to treatment. Self-medication and alternative forms of access to medicines were mentioned, in addiction to alcohol abuse and the use of psychoactive substances. CONCLUSIONS: Although they reported not seeing difficulties in accessing health services or resources, throughout their speeches, several barriers were identified, whether in relation to the availability of care, delay and discrimination or even access, use and storage of medicines. However, successful interaction between staff and users should not only benefit access, but also provide opportunities for users to integrate the health resources offered in a clearer and more accessible way.

Interacciones medicamentosas como un problema de salud imperceptible en la población / Drug Interactions as an Imperceptible Health Concern among the Population

Introducción: El consumo elevado de medicamentos se asocia a factores que propician su uso inadecuado y posibles consecuencias en el objetivo terapéutico, el control de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Caracterizar las posibles interacciones medicamentosas como un problema de salud para la población general y los prescriptores del sistema. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal, serie de casos de consecuencias prácticas con elementos de esquema terapéutico. Población de 214 individuos consumidores de medicamentos, entre 18 y 89 años, seleccionados al azar por muestreo probabilístico estratificado. Escenario: consultorios de la Atención Primaria (9, 10) y consultas de medicina interna de instituciones hospitalarias en Cienfuegos, Cuba. Período: primer trimestre, año 2017. Variables investigadas: sociodemográficas, tipo de prescripción, grupos farmacológicos y posibles interacciones medicamentosas. Resultados: La media de consumo fue de 10,5 en mujeres de la tercera edad. De 365 prescripciones el 54,2 por ciento fueron posibles interacciones medicamentosas, predominaron las de tipo farmacocinéticas (95,4 por ciento), y de ellas las relacionadas con el metabolismo por automedicación (34,3 por ciento), así como el consumo de omeprazol u otra sustancia no farmacológica inhibidores del CYP-450, como el jugo de toronja y el consumo de alcohol crónico. El tabaco fue el inductor que más se identificó 25 (58,1 por ciento), propiciando posibles fallas terapéuticas. Conclusión: Las posibles interacciones medicamentosas se presentaron como problema de salud imperceptible para la población sana y enferma. Los prescriptores de salud generalmente no las tienen en cuenta, donde las de mayor riesgo se relacionan con inhibidores del metabolismo oxidativo, lo cual propicia posibles daños a la salud del ser humano(AU)

Introduction: The high consumption of medicines is associated with factors that favor their inappropriate use and possible consequences in the therapeutic objective, the control of the disease. Objective: To characterize possible drug interactions as a health concern for the general population and the healthcare system prescribers. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study. Series of cases of practical consequences with elements of a therapeutic scheme. Population of 214 individuals consuming drugs, aged 18-89 years, randomly selected by stratified probabilistic sampling. The setting was the primary care clinics (9 and 10) and internal medicine consultations of hospital institutions in Cienfuegos, Cuba. The period was the first trimester of the year 2017. The variables investigated were the sociodemographic ones, type of prescription, pharmacological groups, and possible drug interactions. Results: The average consumption was 10.5 among elderly women. Out of 365 prescriptions, 54.2 percent were possible drug interactions, while those of the pharmacokinetic type (95.4 percent) predominated, together with those related to the metabolism of self-medication (34.3 percent), as well as the consumption of omeprazole or other nonpharmacological substance inhibitors of CYP-450, such as grapefruit juice and chronic alcohol consumption. Tobacco was the inducer that most identified (25, 58.1 percent), leading to possible therapeutic failures. Conclusion: Possible drug interactions were presented as an imperceptible health concern for the healthy and sick population. Healthcare prescribers generally do not take them into account, for which those at highest risk are related to oxidative metabolism inhibitors, which leads to possible damage to human health(AU)

Caracterización de las conductas de consumo de medicamentos en estudiantes universitarios de Costa Rica / Characterization of drug consumption behaviors in university students of Costa Rica

RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo, unicéntrico y de tipo encuesta para determinar las características del consumo de medicamentos en estudiantes universitarios. Fueron interrogados 305 estudiantes de un centro Universitario de San Pedro en Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica. Según los datos obtenidos, los estudiantes invierten principalmente en la compra de medicamentos cuando se enferman o se sienten mal (84,7%) y como una segunda razón (16,3%) para mejorar su concentración y aumentar su energía. El sexo influye en la actividad de compra de fármacos, debido a la mayor predisposición del consumo de medicamentos por parte de las mujeres que de los hombres, siendo el precio el principal factor que influye en su compra.

SUMMARY A cross-sectional, descriptive, unicentric and survey-type study was conducted in order to determine the characteristics of drug consumption in university students. 305 students, from the San Pedro University Center in Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica, were questioned. According to the data obtained, students invest mainly in the purchase of medicines when they get sick or feel bad (84.7%) and as a second reason (16.3%) to improve their concentration and increase energy. Sex influences this activity, due to the greater predisposition of drug use by women than in men, being the price the main factor that influences their purchase.

Inmunología y consumo de medicamentos: reacciones adversas de baja frecuencia tipo B / Immunology and drugs´ consumption: type B low-frequency adverse reactions

Introducción: para el Sistema Cubano de Farmacovigilancia, es importante la detección de efectos adversos ocasionales, raros o muy raros e incluso no descritos, este es el punto de partida para generar hipótesis de relaciones causales entre la administración de un fármaco y la aparición de un determinado efecto adverso. Objetivo: describir las reacciones adversas tipo B en Cuba notificadas al sistema de farmacovigilancia y las bases inmunológicas para su interpretación. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una investigación documental y análisis de contenido de las publicaciones identificadas en la literatura nacional e internacional que tratan el tema. Resultados: se presentan los elementos teóricos metodológicos para el abordaje de la seguridad del consumo de medicamentos, farmacovigilancia y reacciones adversas a medicamentos, así como su interpretación inmunológica y perfil de baja frecuencia tipo B. Conclusiones: el perfil de reacciones adversas tipo B en Cuba es alto por lo que el estudio de estas teniendo en cuanta su interpretación inmunológica resulta información valiosa para la caracterización de la seguridad de los medicamentos y para la toma de decisiones en salud (AU).

Introduction: for the Cuban System of Pharmacovigilance, the detection occasionally adverse, rare or very rare, and even non-described is important. This is the starting point to generate hypotheses of casual relations between drug administration and the emergency of a determinate adverse effect. Objective: to describe the type B adverse reactions in Cuba that have been notified to the pharmacovigilance system and the immunologic bases for their interpretation. Material and methods: it was carried out a documental research and a content analysis of the identified national and international publications dealing with the theme. Results: the theoretical and methodological elements for dealing with drug consumption security, pharmacovigilance and drug adverse reactions are given, and also their immunologic interpretation and type B low-frequency profile. Conclusions: the type B adverse reaction´s profile in Cuba is high; therefore their study, taking into account their immunologic interpretation is a valuable information for characterizing drugs security and for taking decisions in public health care (AU).

Consumo de medicamentos y condiciones de vida / Drug consumption and living conditions

En Cuba, la producción de medicamentos está en manos del estado. La industria trabaja en coordinación con el Sistema Nacional de Salud y produce y distribuye los medicamentos en función del cuadro epidemiológico del país. No obstante, el problema al que se expone la sociedad con el consumo de medicamentos es complejo. En tal sentido, se pretende argumentar la necesidad del análisis de los patrones de consumo de medicamentos según las condiciones de vida de la población. Se realizó una investigación documental y análisis de contenido de las publicaciones identificadas en la literatura nacional e internacional que tratan el tema. Se identificó carencia de publicaciones que aborden el consumo de medicamentos según las condiciones de vida de la población en el contexto cubano. Conocer el consumo y sus determinantes influyen en la calidad de la salud de la población y permite a los prestadores en particular y al sistema de salud en general, desarrollar acciones correctivas para alcanzar conductas acordes con el significado de los medicamentos en la sociedad contemporánea(AU)

In Cuba, drug production is managed by the state. The drug industry works in close coordination with the national health care system and manufactures and distributes drugs according to the epidemiological picture existing in the country. However, the problem of drug consumption by the society is complex. In this regard, this paper was intended to substantiate the need of analyzing the drug consumption patterns according to the living conditions of the population. A documentary and content analysis research of the national and international literature dealing with this topic was made. It identified the lack of publications dealing with drug consumption according to the living conditions of the population in the Cuban setting. Learning about the consumption and its determinants has an impact on the health quality of the population and allows care providers in particular and health system in general to develop corrective actions to attain performances in line with the meaning of drugs in the contemporary society(AU)

El discreto encanto de los medicamentos / The discreet charm of drugs

El presente artículo es un resumen de un grupo de conferencias sobre la industria farmacéutica mundial ofrecidas entre 2010 y 2013 en diferentes foros nacionales e internacionales. El comportamiento de la producción y consumo de medicamentos en el mundo, teniendo en cuenta que se trata de un bien social que se utiliza para prevenir enfermedades y restablecer la salud del ser humano, ofrece un panorama extraño en relación con las reales necesidades de la población. Se analiza cuáles son los elementos implicados en ese comportamiento. Comienza con una caracterización de la industria farmacéutica mundial contemporánea y analiza tres aspectos que considera están relacionadas con estos resultados: la investigación médico-farmacéutica, la promoción e información médica y el funcionamiento de las agencias reguladoras nacionales de medicamentos. La industria farmacéutica mundial ha aportado enormes ventajas al tratamiento de las enfermedades. Es un hecho irrefutable, pero la Gran Pharma no es una industria cualquiera y requiere ser rentable. La globalización y el neoliberalismo han creado patrones de motivación y conducta basados fundamentalmente en los intereses del mercado. Debemos estar alertas en el futuro. Este nuevo siglo introduce nuevos retos a los pueblos, sus gobiernos y a la Gran Pharma en relación con la salud y la enfermedad y su enfrentamiento(AU)

This article summarized a group of lectures on the world drug industry delivered from 2010 to 2013 in a number of national and international fora. Taking into account that a pharmaceutical is a social asset used to prevent diseases and recover human health, the behavior of the drug production and consumption worldwide shows a awkward overview in terms of the real needs of the population. An analysis was made on the elements involved in such behavior, beginning with a characterization of the world current drug industry and analyzing three aspects related to the results: medical-drug research, medical promotion and information and operation of the national drug regulatory agencies. The world drug industry has provided huge benefits for the treatment of diseases and this is an undeniable fact; however, the Big Pharma needs to be profitable. Globalization and neoliberalism have created patterns of incentives and behaviors mainly based on the market interests. We should be aware of that in the future. This new century poses new challenges for the peoples, their governments and for the Big Pharma in terms of health, disease and how to face it(AU)

Consumo de medicamentos en la población femenina adulta de Cuba / Consumption of pharmaceuticals by the adult female population of Cuba

Introducción: la necesidad de asumir un enfoque de género en el abordaje de los problemas de salud, es tratar precisamente de visualizar las múltiples formas en las cuales las construcciones de género producen situaciones de iniquidad que la afectan. Objetivo: caracterizar el consumo de medicamentos en la población femenina adulta de Cuba. Métodos: investigación descriptiva de corte transversal realizada en el 2007. La muestra estuvo constituida por 554 consumidoras. Para la recogida de la información se diseñó un cuestionario Consumo de medicamentos, validado por un grupo de expertos y por un estudio piloto. Resultados: más de la mitad de las encuestadas consumen medicamentos, las jubiladas (79; 88,8 por ciento) fueron las más consumidoras, mientras que las estudiantes (17; 33,3 por ciento), las menos. El mayor porcentaje (368; 66,4 por ciento), refirió que siempre cumplen los tratamientos farmacológicos tal y como le indicó el médico. Conclusiones: el consumo de medicamentos aumenta con la edad, en los niveles escolares bajos y en las jubiladas. Los grupos farmacológicos más consumidos por la féminas cubanas son los de uso cardiovascular, los antinflamatorios, analgésicos y antipiréticos y los psicofármacos

Introduction: the need of adopting gender approach in dealing with health problems means to precisely visualize the multiple ways in which the gender constructions bring about inequality situations that affect health. Objective: to characterize the prescription drug consumption in the adult female population of Cuba. Methods: cross-sectional and descriptive research study conducted in 2007. The sample was made up of 554 females who took pharmaceuticals. For data collection, a questionnaire called drug consumption was designed and validated by a group of experts and a pilot study was carried out. Results: over half of the surveyed women were consuming prescription drugs; the retired workers (79) consumed the most (88.8 percent) whereas the students (17) were the ones consuming less pharmaceuticals. The highest percentage (66.4 percent) comprising 368 patients mentioned that they always comply with the prescribed drug treatment as indicated. Conclusions: the prescription drug consumption increases with age, low schooling and in retired women. The most consumed pharmaceutical groups at domestic level are the cardiovascular drugs, antinflammatories, analgesics, antipyretics and psychodrugs

Auto medicación en el equipo de salud / Self-medication in the health team

La automedicación es una conducta que implica un riesgo inminente para la salud y que puede ser mínimo o severo dependiendo del medicamento y de la sensibilidad del individuo. La automedicación hace referencia al consumo de medicamentos de forma voluntaria sin la prescripción de un profesional médico que justifique la ingesta por motivos de alguna patología o dolencia existente en el individuo.Entre las personas que se automedican se encuentran los profesionales de la salud, quienes conociendo en mayor profundidad los efectos de los medicamentos prefieren autoimponerse sus propios tratamientos de acuerdo a la sintomatología que presenten o de acuerdo a lo que ellos consideren mejor para su propia salud

ABSTRACT: Self-medication is a behavior that involves an imminent risk to health and may be minimal or severe depending on the drug and individual sensitivity.Self-medication refers to the consumption of drugs voluntarily without the prescription of a medical professional justifying intake based on existing pathology or disease in the individual.Among those who self-medicate are healths professionals who know more deeply the effects of self-impose their own preferred drug treatments according to the presenting symptoms or according to what they think best for their own health

Comorbilidad, estado funcional y terapéutica farmacológica en pacientes geriátricos / Comorbidity, functional state and drug therapy in geriatric patients

Introducción: el envejecimiento poblacional es un desafío para las sociedades y es necesario que los recursos humanos dedicados a la atención del anciano se nutran de conocimientos que dinamicen un adecuado manejo farmacoterapéutico a este grupo poblacional muy vulnerable por su comorbilidad y por una respuesta peculiar a los medicamentos. Objetivo: determinar la interrelación entre comorbilidad, estado funcional y consumo de medicamentos. Métodos: investigación descriptiva, de tipo transversal, cuyo universo estuvo conformado por todos los ancianos de 60 años y más que ingresaron en el Hospital Calixto García durante el año 2007. Se acopió información de una muestra aleatoria de 267 pacientes. Se consideraron variables de respuesta la comorbilidad, el deterioro funcional y la polifarmacia. Se creó una base de datos validada automáticamente para la confirmación de su congruencia. Resultados: el mayor consumo de medicamentos correspondió a las edades comprendidas entre 80 y 89 años; 263 (98,5 porciento) ancianos presentaban comorbilidad y de ellos 211 (79 porciento) tenían polifarmacia asociada a un promedio de 5 fármacos por paciente. Los adultos mayores que clasificaron en la categoría más afectada de la evaluación funcional fueron los de mayor edad, los que también se relacionaron con mayor comorbilidad y consumo de medicamentos. Conclusiones: la comorbilidad y el deterioro funcional en ancianos se relacionan estrechamente con el consumo elevado de medicamentos, lo que repercute negativamente en su estado de salud, de ahí que es imprescindible que los profesionales de la atención primaria pongan especial atención en el manejo fármacoterapéutico en sus adultos mayores

Introduction: population aging represents a challenge for all the societies, hence it is necessary that the human resources devoted to take care of aged persons be well documented for the adequate drug and therapeutic management of this particular population, which is highly vulnerable due to its comorbidity and its particular drug response. Objective: to determine the interrelation between comorbidity, functional state and drug consumption. Method: a cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out, which included all 60 and over years-old patients, admitted to Calixto García hospital in 2007. The response variables were comorbidity, functional deterioration and multiple drug consumption. Data was collected on a random sample of 267 patients. An automatically-validated database was created to confirm congruency. Results: the greatest use of drugs was found in the 80 to 89 years old age group. It was found that 263 older people (98.5 percent) suffered comorbidity and 211 of them (79 percent) took 5 drugs as an average. The oldest persons accounted for the worst functional state evaluation, the highest index of comorbidity and the greatest use of drugs. Conclusions: both comorbidity and functional deterioration are closely related to drug consumption in the older people, all of which has a negative impact on their health state. It is indispensable that the primary health professionals pay special attention to the drug and therapeutic management of the older adults under their care

Alcohol y tabaco en el periodo gestacional: hábitos de consumo, creencias y representaciones sociales conteporáneas / Alcohol and snuff in the gestational period: consumer attitudes, beliefs and social representations conteporáneas

Resultados: Se registro que el consumo en el embarazo fue de 32% de alcohol, y de 15% de tabaco. En tanto que el consumo previo fue de 71%, y 54% respectivamente. Se observaron modificaciones en los patrones de ingesta marcando una disminución en la prevalencia y en la frecuencia durante la gestación. Paralelamente, se reflexiono acerca de la construcción social de los conceptos de embarazo y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, en donde se conoció que los mayores riesgos percibidos para la ingesta durante el embarazo se ligan con drogas ilegales y no institucionalizadas, consumidas en exceso y frecuentemente. Las sustancias legales registraron mayor tolerancia social. Finalmente, los motivos de consumo durante el embarazo estuvieron ligados principalmente a la persona de la mujer que consume, identificada con la toxicodependencia y ligada al discurso médico-jurídico. Conclusiones: El estudio pone de manifiesto que el consumo de alcohol y tabaco es frecuente entre las mujeres embarazadas encuestadas, como así también la tolerancia social hacia estas sustancias durante el embarazo, por lo que se precisan intervenciones específicas en este colectivo para alertar de los riesgos de la ingesta de sustancias en el periodo gestacional

Summary: The objective of this study was to explore the habits of consumption, the beliefs and social representations about the ingestion of alcohol and tobacco in the gestational period after interviews of pregnant women who went to control in the public sanitary system in the city of Villa Carlos Paz, Córdoba, Argentina. Results: it showed that the consumption in the pregnancy period was 32 % of alcohol and 15% tobacco. Meanwhile, the previous consumption was 71% and 54 % respectively. They showed modifications in the patterns of ingestion showing a decrease during the gestation. At the same time, a reflection about the social structure of the concepts of pregnancy and consume of the psycho actives substances where they knew about the most risks got during the ingest in the pregnancy joined with illegal drugs not authorized consumed in great quantities and frequently. the legal substances registered more social tolerance. finally, the cause of consume during the pregnancy joined principally to the person of the woman who consumed, identified with the toxic independence, and joined to the medical-juridical debate. Conclusions : the study showed that the consume of alcohol and tobacco is frequent in the pregnant women who were asked, it also showed the social tolerance of these substances during the pregnancy, so they need specific interventions in this collective to alert about the risks of ingestion of these substances during the estational period

A prática da automedicação por funcionários de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior portadores de enxaqueca / Practice of self-medication of migraine by employees at a higher education institution

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar, na prática de automedicação, possíveis interações medicamentosas e descrever o perfil dos funcionários portadores de enxaqueca de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior localizada no município de Ijuí-RS. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UNIJUI. Após a busca dos enxaquecosos, foi aplicado um questionário padronizado com perguntas acerca da patologia. Foram entrevistados, com consentimento, 32 indivíduos, sendo que a maioria (31-97%) tinha idade entre 30 e 39 anos (37,5%), pele branca (94%), eram casados (59%) e, no caso das mulheres, 71% (22) apresentavam ciclo menstrual regular e 55% (17) usavam anticoncepcional oral. Dentre os fatores desencadeantes da enxaqueca, os mais citados foram alguns tipos de alimentos, seguidos do estresse e fatores hormonais associados ao ciclo menstrual. Trinta (93,75%) voluntários praticavam automedicação, sendo que todos faziam uso de analgésicos e associações de fármacos. Portanto, verifica-se uma relação entre a patologia e a automedicação. Foram observadas 15 interações medicamentosas diferentes. Vinte (62,5%) indivíduos foram expostos a, pelo menos, uma interação decorrente da automedicação, ao consumo de medicamentos crônicos prescritos, a álcool e a cigarros. Nesse sentido, cabe ao profissional farmacêutico auxiliar o portador de enxaqueca no reconhecimento dos fatores desencadeantes desse problema para promover o uso racional de medicamentos e incentivar a automedicação responsável.

The aim of this study was to describe the profile of migraine-sufferers employed at a higher education institution located in the town of Ijuí (RS, Brazil) and identify possible drug interactions resulting from the self-medication practiced by those patients. After an active search for migraine patients, a standard questionnaire was used to enquire about their condition and themselves. The study was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee at UNIJUI. Thirty-two consenting adults were interviewed, most of whom (31, 97%) were aged between 30 and 39 years (37.5%), of white skin (94%) and married (59%), while among the women, 71% (22) had a regular menstrual cycle and 55% (17) used an oral contraceptive. Among migraine-triggering factors, most subjects cited specific foods, followed by stress and hormonal factors associated with the menstrual cycle. Thirty (93.75%) volunteers practiced self-medication, all of them making use of analgesics and combinations of drugs, showing that there was a relation between this condition and self-medication. The results revealed 15 different drug interactions. Twenty (62.5%) subjects were exposed to at least one interaction arising from self-medication, chronic prescribed drug use, alcohol and cigarettes. Accordingly, it is up to the pharmaceutical professional to help the migraine patient to recognize triggering factors, to promote the rational use of medicines and encourage responsible self-medication.

Levantamento da distribuição de medicamentos a comunidade carente na Farmácia da Partilha de Umuarama - PR / Statistics of medicine distribution to the poor comunity in the Farmácia da Partilha of Umuarama-PR

O acesso aos medicamentos necessários à recuperação da saúde é um direito assegurado na maioria dos países. Entretanto, no Brasil esse direito tem um custo elevado para a imensa população de doentes em que se transformou a nossa nação. Atualmente, um terço da população mundial não tem acesso a benefícios que podem ser proporcionados por um tratamento farmacológico essencial. Nesse sentido, o acesso aos medicamentos, mesmo que essenciais, continua sendo um dos grandes problemas mundiais no campo sanitário. Portanto, a promoção destes deve ser suplementada pela disponibilidade de genéricos, e também com a criação de farmácias comunitárias, como estratégia importante para promover o acesso aos medicamentos. Com o intuito de buscar o direito a recuperação da saúde, a presente pesquisa fundamentou-se no levantamento de dados indicadores do número de unidades dispensadas, número de pessoas atendidas, e o valor com doações de medicamentos, que foram realizadas pela Farmácia da Partilha no período de 01 de janeiro de 2007 até 31 de dezembro de 2007, por meio das fichas de distribuição de medicamentos, que são preenchidas pelos estagiários na aquisição do medicamento pelo paciente, com as respectivas assinaturas. Os dados obtidos puderam demonstrar que foi atendido um maior número de pessoas no mês de agosto (1.441), e o maior número de unidades dispensadas também foi no mês de agosto (56.410). Os dados também demonstraram que a Farmácia da Partilha atendeu no ano de 2007 12.936 pessoas, dispensou 522.318 unidades e que o valor anual com doações de medicamentos foi de R$ 536.784,76.

The access to the needed medicine to the health recuperation is an assured right in most countries. However in Brazil this right has a high cost to the huge population of ill people that our nation became in. Nowadays, one third of the world population doesn?t have access to the benefits which can be afforded to an essential pharmacological treatment. The access to the medicines, even when essential keeps being one of the big world problems in the sanitation area. Therefore, the promotion of these must be supplemented by the availability of generic and also with the creation of community drugstore as an important strategy to promote the access to the medicines. With the will of reach the health recuperation right, the present research was based on the data statistics which indicated the number of dispensed units, number of attended people and the esteemed value of the medicines expenses which were donated by the Farmácia da Partilha from January, 1st to December 31st of 2007 through medicines distribution forms, which are filled by the trainees when the patients receive the medicines. The gotten data allowed to show that a greater number of people were attended in August (1,441), and also the greatest number of dispensed units was in August (56,410). The data also showed that the Farmácia da Partilha attended 12,936 people in the year of 2007 dispensed 522,318 units and had an annual contribution of R$ 536.784,16.

Antecedentes de empleo de medicamentos durante el embarazo en madres de pacientes con fisura de labio y/o paladar / Drugs use backgrounds during pregnancy in mothers of patients presenting with lip and/or palate fissures

Los defectos congénitos constituyen anomalías en la estructura, funcionamiento o metabolismo del organismo y sus causas pueden ser genéticas o ambientales. La fisura de labio y paladar constituye un defecto congénito aislado cuya etiología es de carßcter multifactorial. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar el comportamiento de las fisuras de labio y/o paladar en madres que ingirieron medicamentos durante el embarazo, para lo cual se analizaron todos los ni±os nacidos vivos, con el diagnóstico de fisura de labio y/o paladar en el período de tiempo comprendido entre los a±os 2000 y 2006 en la Ciudad de La Habana, de donde se obtuvo un universo de estudio de 112 pacientes. Se aplicó un formulario con el objetivo de obtener información relacionada con la toma de medicamentos por parte de las madres de los pacientes en el momento de la gestación. Los resultados demuestran que el 58,92 por ciento de las madres ingirieron medicamentos, y que el trimestre de mayor consumo fue el tercero, con el 50,89 por ciento del total de madres estudiadas. Los medicamentos mßs empleados fueron las vitaminas y los antianémicos(AU)

Congenital defects are anomalies in structure, functioning or metabolism of organism and its causes may be of genetic or environmental causes. Lip and palate fissure is an isolated congenital defect whose etiology is of multifactorial character. Aim of present study is to identify behavior of lip and/or palate fissures in mothers took drugs during pregnancy, thus analyzing all children live birth with a diagnosis of lip and/or palate during 2000 and 2006 in Havana City, from where it was possible to obtain a study universe of 112 patients. We applied a form to obtain information related to drugs by mothers of patients during pregnancy. Results show that 58, 92 percent of mother took drugs, and that trimester of higher consumption was the third one, with 50,89 percent of total of study mothers. More use drugs were vitamins and antianemic(AU)

Consumo de medicamentos por estudantes adolescentes de escola de ensino fundamental do município de Vitória / Consumption of drugs by adolescent students in elementary schools in the city of Vitória

O uso indiscriminado de medicamentos acarreta riscos diretos e indiretos à população, tornando-se um importante problema de saúde pública. O conhecimento do padrão de uso de medicamentos contribui para ações educativas com a finalidade de reduzir riscos e danos à saúde da população. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o perfil de consumo de medicamentos em estudantes adolescentes e correlacioná-lo com o perfil sócio-educacional entre os familiares. Estudo de natureza transversal com amostra representativa de 102 alunos da população de escolares de ensino médio no Bairro Maruípe em Vitória-ES. O questionário aplicado contemplou as variáveis: idade, gênero, série, consumo de medicamentos nos sete dias anteriores à entrevista, quem orientou o consumo e a automedicação, aos quais foram avaliados por meio de perguntas dicotômicas, em caso afirmativo, especificando o(s) fármaco(s) utilizado(s) e sua finalidade. O uso de medicamentos ocorreu em 42,3% da amostra, sendo que em 53,3% dos casos houve automedicação. Os grupos farmacológicos mais consumidos foram analgésicos/antiinflamatórios, sendo o paracetamol a substância com maior freqüência de consumo. A incidência de automedicação no grupo representado pelo gênero feminino (66,7%) foi superior ao grupo do gênero masculino (33,3%). A relação entre a idade e automedicação mostrou uma maior prevalência entre os jovens de 15 a 17 anos de idade, representando 70,8% dos adolescentes que fazem automedicação. O consumo de medicamentos sem orientação médica pelos familiares mostrou ser um fator de influência na automedicação dos adolescentes.

The indiscriminate use of medicines poses direct and indirect risks to the population, making it a major public health problem. Knowledge of the pattern of drug use in a given population would contribute to educational action aimed at reducing such risks and the resulting damage to the health of that population. The objective of this study was to investigate the profile of consumption of medicines by adolescents in a Brazilian city and to correlate it with the socio-educational profile of the students and the consumption of drugs among their relatives. A horizontal study was carried out on a representative sample population of 102 students of the Maruípe district in the city of Vitória (ES, Brazil). The questionnaire included the variables: age, sex, consumption of drugs in the seven days preceding the interview, who (if anyone) guided the consumption and self-medication; data were collected by means of dichotomous questions - if drug(s) were consumed, the interviewee was asked to name them and their purpose. Drugs were consumed in the week before the interview in 42.3% of the sample, 53.3% of these cases by self-medication. The drug groups most consumed by the adolescents were analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs, paracetamol being the most frequent. The incidence of self-medication among the females (66.7%) was higher than among the males (33.3%). Analysis of the relationship between age and self-medication showed a high prevalence among young people aged 15 to 17 years, representing 70.8% of the adolescents who practiced self-medication. The consumption of drugs without medical advice by families was a factor influencing adolescent self-medication.